The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Eliyahu I, Luria R, Hareuveny R, Margaliot M, Meiran N, Shani G. Effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted by cellular telephones on the cognitive functions of humans. Glucose is the main energy source and is closely related to brain neurotransmitters and cholesterol synthesis [106]. Microwave Radiations and Its Effects on Human Health-A Review Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. [27] found that college students visual reaction times were significantly shorter after 10min of phone-induced microwave radiation. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms. Military Med Res 4, 29 (2017). Am J Epidemiol. Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory. PubMed Central [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). 2013;17:711. Exp Neurobiol. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2013;5:5500110. Lee TM, Ho SM, Tsang LY, Yang SY, Li LS, Chan CC. 1996;180:917. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. [37] exposed male Wistar rats (1012weeks old) to a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) (900/1800MHz) mobile phone that was in vibrating mode (i.e., no ring tone). Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schz J. 2016;25:31827. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. Int J Radiat Biol. This is a Health Evidence Network (HEN) synthesis report assessing the clinical effects of daily exposure to mobile phones in general populations. 2007;34:146779. 2005;161:3314. Effect of microwave radiation on learning and memory. The microwave will do its intended job of heating and will start to burn (or cook) the skin tissue. Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. 2006;27:11926. Privacy Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health" by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) from 2001, with respect . Thurczy G, Kubinyi G, Bodo M, Bakos J, Szabo L. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. After irradiation was applied for 2h/d for 60 d, the authors observed the following: microwave radiation produced by mobile phones damaged the brains of adult and young rats, the damage caused by mobile phones in the calling state was significantly more severe than that observed in the standby group, and the neurons of young rats were more seriously injured than those of adult rats. The results suggested that chronic non-modulated, but not modulated, microwave radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain [77]. Qutob S, Chauhan V, Bellier P, Yauk C, Douglas G, Berndt L, et al. Zhang et al. Sci Total Environ. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. With the popularity of microwave technology, microwave effects on the human body have become a common topic of concern, and the central nervous system is recognized as a target organ system that is sensitive to microwave radiation. The article's subject is the investigation of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the microwave frequency band in a typical human living environment, especially in shielded areas. For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. Sanders AP, Joines WT. 1999;75:44756. [80] found that irradiation with 900MHz, 2W/kg continuous microwaves for 24h induced an increase in rat neuronal apoptosis. 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Quantitation, regional vulnerability, and kinetic modeling of brain glucose metabolism in mild Alzheimers disease. Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. CAS Using a ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links. 2003;11:346. Brain Res. So foods which have high water content can be very easily cooked like fresh vegetables. Ning W, Chiang H, Yang W. Effects of GSM 1800 MHz on dendritic development of cultured hippocampal neurons. 1984;4:285665. Brain Res Rev. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. Behav Brain Res. Wi-Fi is an important threat to human health - PubMed Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. J Natl Cancer Inst. Mack A, Georg T, Kreis P, Eickholt BJ. Cancer Res. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. After exposure to microwave radiation, during synaptic structural plasticity, presynaptic vesicles accumulate or empty, mitochondria are damaged, postsynaptic membranes are perforated, postsynaptic lengths and postsynaptic density distributions are abnormal, mossy fiber growth is inhibited during learning and memory functions, dendritic filopodial densities and activities are decreased, and there is a significant reduction of the dendritic spine density and dendritic fragment length [62]. Chizhenkova R. Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. 2005;161:52635. Mol Cell Biol. frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz. Professor, Asst Director at VIT The former is now recognized worldwide as a method for evaluating learning and memory, while the latter is viewed as more susceptible to other factors. This effect is similar to the decrease observed in NR2B in rats. Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. Electromagn Biol Med. 2014;53:22230. 1993;13:41322. PubMed statement and 2013;34:26474. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE. Li H, Li C. Apoptosis gene expression and their relationship to mtDNA mutation in tumor tissues of gynecologic oncology patients. Wang et al. Acta Pharmacol Sin. The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were increased 1 month after irradiation. RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. JAMA. Additionally, people exposed to military microwave sources were more vulnerable to brain tumors. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? 2003;80:194210. Int J Radiat Biol. Cosquer et al. Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ. J Environ Health Sci Eng. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. Brain Res. Choeiri C, Staines W, Miki T, Seino S, Messier C. Glucose transporter plasticity during memory processing. Wang et al. [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. Xiong L, Sun CF, Zhang J, Gao YB, Wang LF, Zuo HY, et al. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. Bioelectromagnetics. The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. CAS Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. Gold PE. Bull Exp Biol Med. In the rat hippocampus, glucose uptake plays an important role in spatial learning and memory processes. Curr Opin Neurobiol. The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. Dasdag et al. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings - SlideShare Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains Mitochondria morphologic changes and metabolic effects of rat hippocampus after microwave irradiation. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. J Neurosci Methods. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. Biol Chem. PubMed Central [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. Therefore, the central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive organs that is targeted by microwave radiation [1, 2]. The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. Biological effects of 2450 MHz microwave combined with -rays on rat cultured gliacytes. Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. Previous studies have produced a large amount of information, and some progress has been made in theory, but the mechanisms have not yet been fully determined, and many points are still disputed. We should ensure that we avoid excessive exposure to microwave radiation in daily life activities and use mobile phones appropriately despite information about its positive effects. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. 2011;35:36978. Iran J Public Health. Dasdag et al. Int J Radiat Biol. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA PDF Electromagnetic Radiation and Human Health: A Review of Sources and Effects 2009;4:e4389. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. One reason for this difference may be that the water maze experiment is driven by aversion, whereas the arm maze experiment is driven by appetite. The results showed that in normal EEGs, the (3.26.0Hz) and 2 (17.830.5Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the cortex, while the (6.017.8Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the hypothalamus. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. Othman et al. Szmigielski [23] collected retrospective data for Polish soldiers over 15years and showed that the prevalence of brain cancer was higher in each age group. Kesari KK, Behari J. Fifty-gigahertz microwave exposure effect of radiations on rat brain. 2013;32:27380. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. 2001;12:72931. Int J Epidemiol. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Kwon et al. In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. Article ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. The microwave energy can be changed to warm up the food because this energy is absorbed by food & it does not prepare food contaminated or radioactive. Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. Othman H, Ammari M, Rtibi K, Bensaid N, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices. Zhao et al. Ozben T. Oxidative stress and apoptosis: impact on cancer therapy. Clinics. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Rusinek H, De Santi S, Li Y, Wang GJ, et al. Abe M, Bonini NM. Fragopoulou AF, Samara A, Antonelou MH, Xanthopoulou A, Papadopoulou A, Vougas K, et al. miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. [1] used 10 freely moving rats in which carbon electrodes were implanted in the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus. Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. Cookies policy. Long term and excessive use of 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation alter microRNA expression in brain. 2006;165:63644. Gold PE. PDF Interactions of Electromagnetic Waves with Biological Tissue - EMR Aware J Sleep Res. Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. Then that poisonous acid harms the kidneys and nervous system. Article Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barcel-Coblijn GC, et al. The effects of microwaving a human body Lia Koltyrina/Shutterstock But there are parts of the human body that are more prone to "cooking" fast, such as the eyeballs and testes. It is noteworthy that most of the above mentioned studies were based on the theory that the effects caused by microwaves are non-thermal. Bioelectromagnetics. 2014:125. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. PubMed Behav Brain Res. The potential mechanisms underlying these damaging effects range from gene expression alterations in the respiratory chain, membrane damage, Ca2+ overloading, and DNA impairment [122,123,124,125,126,127,128]. MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. Johansen C, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. 2005;22:32931. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. It addresses the impact on developing head and brain tumours, other morbidity-related outcomes and summarizes the biological effects of RF and microwave radiation. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. Electromagnetic radiation can be absorbed by organisms, in which it causes a series of physiological and functional changes. 2013;89:11007. 1984;11:4760. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013;34:58998. The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. Wang Q, Cao Z. Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. 2002;64:31353. However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. One study reported by the Interphone study group [13] showed that there was no increase in the risk of glioma or meningioma in users of mobile phones. Qiao et al. Synapse. Occupational Medicine (London) 50.1 (January 2000):49-56. Mack et al. However, there was no change in the frequency of AMPA mEPSCs or the amplitudes of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) mEPSCs. Int J Radiat Biol. Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. 2010;3:4650. However, these experimental results remain to be supported in repeated experiments [40,41,42]. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. 2004;23:20114. Part of Neuroreport. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. These results explain the genetic mechanisms by which microwave radiation induces damage to learning and memory. Structure, development, and plasticity of dendritic spines. The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, Cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition, Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone, International agency for research on cancer, Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, Scientific committee on emerging and newly identified health risks. The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. Furthermore, the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons was decreased. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. [104] found that exposure to a 1.9GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4h at 0.1, 1.0, and 10W/kg did not affect gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. P Nat Acad. Because a childs nervous system is growing and their head is more vulnerable to radiation energy, studies that have specifically addressed whether the nervous systems of children are more susceptible to electromagnetic radiation have been performed. Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. 2016;74:99107. Zhao L, Sun C, Xiong L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Acta Neurol Belg. B. Cordless phones effect Cordless phone same worked like a mobile phone. Mortazavi et al. Electromagn Biol Med. The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. Neuroreport. as it have a harmful side. daily life. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. The acute effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. Lai et al. Dasdag et al. It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. PLoS One. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. 2008;22:9927. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. Rf and mw radiation hazards - SlideShare Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. Google Scholar. With the increasing number of applications that use microwave technology, its negative effects on the human body have attracted attention. 1994;8:714. Investigation of Microwave Electromagnetic Fields in Open and Shielded Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat. California Privacy Statement, While microwave oven radiation doesn't cause cancer, it can cause painful burns if you're exposed to them. Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. Mil Med Sci. SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. Li HJ, Peng RY, Wang CZ, Qiao SM, Yong Z, Gao YB, et al. Ann N Y Acad Sci. [38] exposed Wistar rats to a 2.856GHz pulsed microwave field for 6min.